The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is preparing numerous space research missions by 2025, including its first Sun observer and Venus orbiter, to give India's young space science program a much-needed boost. 

Chandrayaan 3, India's re-attempt at landing on the Moon 

In July 2019, ISRO launched the ambitious Chandrayaan 2 project, hoping to become the world's fourth country to land a spacecraft on the Moon. Unfortunately, on September 7, 2019, the lander crashed on the lunar surface, taking the rover with it. The Chandrayaan 2 spacecraft, on the other hand, is still orbiting the Moon and is projected to yield the finest resolution Moon maps to date.

ISRO is currently constructing Chandrayaan 3, which is effectively a re-enactment of the surface mission of Chandrayaan 2. R. Umamaheswaran, the agency's Scientific Secretary, stated in a lecture at UPES University in India on December 1, 2020, that Chandrayaan 3 will launch in late 2021 or early 2022. The landing site and scientific goals are likely to be the same as those of Chandrayaan 2. The lander will carry a thermal probe and a seismometer, among other things, to examine the Moon's interior, and the lander will take a brace of spectrometers to investigate the composition of the old lunar crust. 

The country's first solar observatory

According to ISRO's Scientific Secretary R. Umamaheswaran, Aditya-L1 would launch in late 2021 on a PSLV-XL rocket and will explore the Sun's surface and atmosphere with its seven equipment. It will be positioned at the first Lagrangian point (L1) between the Sun and the Earth when the gravitational pulls of these two bodies nearly balance out. The L1 point is more of a tiny area in orbit that has hosted many solar scientific missions in the past, including SOHO, ACE, WIND, and DSCOVR. Aditya-L1, like them, will be able to monitor the Sun without interruption from this vantage point. The rocket's in-situ equipment will allow it to monitor the Sun in different wavelengths while also monitoring the solar magnetic field and solar wind radiation.  

read more about India's 1st solar mission 

In 2018, Spacecraft was launched the Parker Solar Probe on a quest to investigate the mysteries of the Sun's atmosphere. In 2019, ESA launched the Solar Orbiter on a similar mission. Aditya-L1 will study the Sun from a far greater distance, but its global perspectives will allow its observations to supplement and contextualize data from NASA and ESA spacecraft. 

The objective for scientists worldwide with these solar missions is to explain why the Sun's corona is several million degrees hotter than its surface, a key unresolved topic in solar physics. 

X-ray telescope with specialized capabilities 

Astrosat, India's first space telescope, was built to observe high-energy cosmic objects at several wavelengths. The X-ray Polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat), the country's second space observatory, will be smaller and more specialized. XPoSat, which will be sent into Earth orbit on a PSLV rocket in late 2021 or, more likely, in 2022, will use a polarimeter created by the Raman Research Institute to analyze the polarisation of X-rays released by cosmic objects. The way radiation is polarised reveals the source's characteristics, including the intensity and dispersion of its magnetic field. 

To this day, the Bug Cluster seems to be the only X-ray source whose polarisation has been detected. XPoSat is planned to offer the same information on the universe's 50 brightest known sources, including pulsars, X-ray double stars, and massive black-hole-hosting galactic centers. 

Collaboration on a radar imaging satellite with NASA

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite will be the first to include dual-frequency radar imagery. It is one of the most costly Earth-observation satellites ever built, costing $1.5 billion. Following its launch on a GSLV Mk II rocket in 2022, it will be positioned in a Sun-synchronous orbit to allow its solar panels to supply steady electricity.  

NISAR's dual-frequency radar imaging system will show continuous changes in the Continental mantle, icecaps, climatic dynamics, vegetation, and other phenomena at a high resolution of 3 to 50 meters per pixel, worldwide, at a quick bi-weekly pace. The satellite will also be utilized for disaster management, with data arriving only a few hours after observations. According to ISRO and NASA, all science data from the mission will be made public.